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<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/133876835@N08/55325976169/" title="Paris / Montmatre"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55325976169_db2ac84273_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="Paris / Montmatre" /></a></p>
<p>Montmartre (UK: /mɒnˈmɑːrtrə/ mon-MAR-trə, US: /moʊnˈ-/ mohn-, French: [mɔ̃martr]) is a large hill in Paris' northern 18th arrondissement. It is 130 m (430 ft) high and gives its name to the surrounding district, part of the Right Bank. Montmartre is primarily known for its artistic history, for the white-domed Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur on its summit, and as a nightclub district.<br />
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The other church on the hill, Saint Pierre de Montmartre, built in 1147, was the church of the prestigious Montmartre Abbey. On 15 August 1534, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, Saint Francis Xavier and five other companions bound themselves by vows in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, 11 Rue Yvonne Le Tac, the first step in the creation of the Jesuits.<br />
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Near the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th, during the Belle Époque, many artists lived, worked, or had studios in or around Montmartre, including Amedeo Modigliani, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas, André Derain, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Suzanne Valadon, Maurice Utrillo, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Camille Pissarro and Vincent van Gogh. Montmartre is also the setting for several hit films.<br />
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Location and access<br />
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The Montmartre Funicular provides access to Sacré-Cœur from the place Saint-Pierre, allowing people to avoid climbing the stairs on Rue Foyatier, which runs alongside it and has a total of 222 stairs.<br />
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Four Paris metro lines serve the neighborhood:<br />
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Line 2: Place de Clichy, Blanche, Pigalle, Anvers, Barbès - Rochechouart, Stalingrad and La Chapelle;<br />
Line 4: Barbès - Rochechouart, Château Rouge, Marcadet - Poissonniers, Simplon and Porte de Clignancourt;<br />
Line 12: Pigalle, Abbesses, Lamarck - Caulaincourt, Jules Joffrin, Marcadet - Poissonniers, Marx Dormoy and Porte de la Chapelle;<br />
Line 13: Place de Clichy, La Fourche, Guy Môquet et Porte de Saint-Ouen.<br />
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The RATP bus lines 30, 31, 54, 67, 74, 80, 85 and 95 also cross the neighborhood, as does line 40 (formerly Montmartrobus), the only one to run on the Montmartre hilltop.<br />
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Finally, the Montmartre tram also offers a guided tour of the area in 14 stages.<br />
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The historic district established by the City of Paris in 1995 contains 60 ha (150 acres) and is bordered by Rue Caulaincourt and Rue Custine on the north, by Rue de Clignancourt on the east, and by the Boulevard de Clichy and Boulevard de Rochechouart to the south.<br />
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Toponymy<br />
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A proposed etymology suggests that the toponym Montmartre originates from Mons Martis, Latin for "Mount of Mars". This name would have been given to the place due to the fact that there were temples in honor of the gods Mars and Mercury on top of its hill. This would explain the fact that Fredegar called the area "Mons-Mercurii" in the 8th century and, although Hilduin of Saint-Denis used the same name in the 9th century, his contemporary, the monk Abbo Cernuus, called it "Mons-Martis". Although he failed to present evidence for this and directly contradicted several historical accounts, Jean Lebeuf denied the fact that these temples ever existed.<br />
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Another etymology proposes that the name comes from "mons Martyrum", meaning "Mount of the Martyrs". This would have been a reinterpretation of "Mount of Mars" as "Mount of Martyrs" ("Mont de Mars" and "Mont des Martyrs" in French, respectively). This transformation would have been documented by Hilduin, who stated that the hill started to be called "Mons Martyrum", "martyrum" referring to "the place of torture or burial of martyrs". After this, it would have transformed into "mont de "martre" " ("mount of the martyr" in english) through morphological derivation, "martre" meaning "martyr" in Old French.<br />
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Since consensus on the etymology of this toponym is yet to be reached, both etymologies presented here are considered valid.<br />
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History<br />
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Antiquity to 18th century<br />
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Archaeological excavations show that the heights of Montmartre were occupied from at least Gallo-Roman times. Texts from the 8th century cite the name of mons Mercori (Mount Mercury); a 9th-century text speaks of Mount Mars. Excavations in 1975 north of the Church of Saint-Pierre found coins from the 3rd century and the remains of a major wall. Earlier excavations in the 17th century at the Fontaine-du-But (2 rue Pierre-Dac) found vestiges of Roman baths from the 2nd century.<br />
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The butte owes its particular religious importance to the text entitled Miracles of Saint-Denis, written before 885 by Hilduin, abbot of the monastery of Saint-Denis, which recounted how Saint Denis, a Christian bishop, was decapitated on the hilltop in 250 AD on orders of the Roman prefect Fescennius Sisinius for preaching the Christian faith to the Gallo-Roman inhabitants of Lutetia. According to Hilduin, Denis collected his head and carried it as far as the fontaine Saint-Denis (on modern impasse Girardon), then descended the north slope of the hill, where he died. Hilduin wrote that a church had been built "in the place formerly called Mont de Mars, and then, by a happy change, 'Mont des Martyrs'."<br />
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In 1134, King Louis VI purchased the Merovingian chapel and built on the site the church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre, still standing. He also founded the Royal Abbey of Montmartre, a monastery of the Benedictine order, whose buildings, gardens and fields occupied most of Montmartre. He also built a small chapel, called the Martyrium, at the site where it was believed that Saint Denis had been decapitated. It became a popular pilgrimage site. In the 17th century, a priory called abbaye d'en bas was built at that site, and in 1686 it was occupied by a community of nuns.<br />
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By the 15th century, the north and northeast slopes of the hill were the site of a village surrounded by vineyards, gardens and orchards of peach and cherry trees. The first mills were built on the western slope in 1529, grinding wheat, barley and rye. There were thirteen mills at one time, though by the late nineteenth century only two remained.<br />
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During the 1590 Siege of Paris, in the last decade of the French Wars of Religion, Henry IV placed his artillery on top of the butte of Montmartre to fire down into the city. The siege eventually failed when a large relief force approached and forced Henry to withdraw.<br />
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The abbey was destroyed in 1790 during the French Revolution, and the convent demolished to make place for gypsum mines. The last abbess, Marie-Louise de Laval-Montmorency, was guillotined in 1794. The church of Saint-Pierre was saved. At the place where the chapel of the Martyrs was located (now 11 rue Yvonne-Le Tac), an oratory was built in 1855. It was renovated in 1994.<br />
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In 1790, Montmartre was located just outside the limits of Paris. That year, under the revolutionary government of the National Constituent Assembly, it became the commune of Montmartre, with its town hall located on place du Tertre, site of the former abbey. The main businesses of the commune were wine making, stone quarries and gypsum mines.<br />
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Mining and archaeology<br />
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The mining of gypsum had begun in the Gallo-Roman period, first in open air mines and then underground, and continued until 1860. The gypsum was cut into blocks, baked, then ground and put into sacks. Sold as montmartarite, it was used for plaster, because of its resistance to fire and water. Between the 7th and 9th centuries, most of the sarcophagi found in ancient sites were made of molded gypsum. In modern times, the mining was done with explosives, which riddled the ground under the butte with tunnels, making the ground very unstable and difficult to build upon. The construction of the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur required making a special foundation that descended 40 metres (130 ft) under the ground to hold the structure in place. A fossil tooth found in one of these mines was identified by Georges Cuvier as an extinct equine, which he dubbed Palaeotherium, the "ancient animal". His sketch of the entire animal in 1825 was matched by a skeleton discovered later.<br />
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19th century<br />
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Russian soldiers occupied Montmartre during the Battle of Paris in 1814. They used the altitude of the hill for artillery bombardment of the city.<br />
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Montmartre remained outside of the city limits of Paris until January 1, 1860, when it was annexed to the city along with other communities (faubourgs) surrounding Paris, and became part of the 18th arrondissement of Paris.<br />
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In 1871, Montmartre was the site of the beginning of the revolutionary uprising of the Paris Commune. During the Franco-Prussian War, the French army had stored a large number of cannons in a park at the top of the hill, near where the basilica is today. On 18 March 1871, the soldiers from the French Army tried to remove the cannons from the hilltop. They were blocked by members of the politically radicalised Paris National Guard, who captured and then killed two French army generals, and installed a revolutionary government that lasted for two months. The heights of Montmartre were retaken by the French Army with heavy fighting at the end of May 1871, during what became known as the Semaine Sanglante, or "Bloody Week".<br />
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In 1870, the future French prime minister during World War I, Georges Clemenceau, was appointed mayor of the 18th arrondissement, including Montmartre, by the new government of the Third Republic, and was also elected to the National Assembly. A member of the radical republican party, Clemenceau tried unsuccessfully to find a peaceful compromise between the even more radical Paris Commune and the more conservative French government. The Commune refused to recognize him as mayor, and seized the town hall. He ran for a seat in the council of the Paris Commune, but received less than eight hundred votes. He did not participate in the Commune, and was out of the city when the Commune was suppressed by the French army. In 1876, he again was elected as deputy for Montmartre and the 18th arrondissement.<br />
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The Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur was built in Montmartre from 1876 to 1919, financed by public subscription as a gesture of expiation for the suffering of France during the Franco-Prussian War. Its white dome is a highly visible landmark in the city, and near it artists set up their easels each day amidst the tables and colourful umbrellas of the place du Tertre.<br />
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By the 19th century, the butte was famous for its cafés, guinguettes with public dancing, and cabarets. Le Chat Noir at 84 boulevard de Rochechouart was founded in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis, and became a popular haunt for writers and poets. The composer Eric Satie earned money by playing the piano there. The Moulin Rouge at 94 boulevard de Clichy was founded in 1889 by Joseph Oller and Charles Zidler; it became the birthplace of the French cancan. Artists who performed in the cabarets of Montmartre included Yvette Guilbert, Marcelle Lender, Aristide Bruant, La Goulue, Georges Guibourg, Mistinguett, Fréhel, Jane Avril, and Damia.<br />
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Artists gather (late 19th–early 20th century)<br />
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During the Belle Époque from 1872 to 1914, many artists lived and worked in Montmartre, where the rents were low and the atmosphere congenial. Pierre-Auguste Renoir rented space at 12 rue Cortot in 1876 to paint Bal du moulin de la Galette, showing a dance at Montmartre on a Sunday afternoon. Maurice Utrillo lived at the same address from 1906 to 1914, and Raoul Dufy shared an atelier there from 1901 to 1911. The building is now the Musée de Montmartre. Pablo Picasso, Amedeo Modigliani and other artists lived and worked in a building called Le Bateau-Lavoir during the years 1904–1909, where Picasso painted one of his most important masterpieces, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Several composers, including Erik Satie, lived in the neighbourhood. Most of the artists left after the outbreak of World War I, the majority of them going to the Montparnasse quarter.<br />
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Artists' associations such as Les Nabis and the Incohérents were formed and individuals including Vincent van Gogh, Pierre Brissaud, Alfred Jarry, Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Henri Matisse, André Derain, Suzanne Valadon, Edgar Degas, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Théophile Steinlen, and African-American expatriates such as Langston Hughes worked in Montmartre and drew some of their inspiration from the area.<br />
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The last of the bohemian Montmartre artists was Gen Paul (1895–1975), born in Montmartre and a friend of Utrillo. Paul's calligraphic expressionist lithographs, sometimes memorializing picturesque Montmartre itself, owe a lot to Raoul Dufy.<br />
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Among the last of the neighborhood's bohemian gathering places was R-26, an artistic salon frequented by Josephine Baker, Le Corbusier and Django Reinhardt. Its name was commemorated by Reinhardt in his 1947 tune "R. vingt-six".<br />
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Modern day<br />
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There is a small vineyard in the Rue Saint-Vincent, which continues the tradition of wine production in the Île de France, and a wild garden, occupied by midwife toads, also in the Rue Saint-Vincent. The vineyard yields about 500 litres (110 imp gal; 130 US gal) of wine per year.<br />
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The Musée de Montmartre is in the house where the painters Maurice Utrillo and Suzanne Valadon lived and worked in second-floor studios. The house was Pierre-Auguste Renoir's first Montmartre address. Many other personalities moved through the premises. The mansion in the garden at the back is the oldest hotel on Montmartre, and one of its first owners was Claude de la Rose, a 17th-century actor known as Rosimond, who bought it in 1680. Claude de la Rose was the actor who replaced Molière, and who, like his predecessor, died on stage.<br />
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Nearby, day and night, tourists visit such sights as Place du Tertre and the cabaret du Lapin Agile, where the artists had worked and gathered. Many renowned artists, such as painter and sculptor Edgar Degas and film director François Truffaut, are buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre and the Cimetière Saint-Vincent. Near the top of the butte, Espace Dalí showcases surrealist artist Salvador Dalí's work. Montmartre is an officially designated historic district with limited development allowed in order to maintain its historic character.<br />
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Downhill to the southwest is the red-light district of Pigalle. That area is, today, largely known for a wide variety of stores specializing in instruments for rock music. There are also several concert halls, also used for rock music. The actual Moulin Rouge theatre is also in Pigalle, near the Blanche métro station.<br />
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In 2024, the area hosted the final finishing circuits of the men's and women's cycling road race at the Paris 2024 Summer Olympics, with large crowds attending the race. It also served as part of the 2025 Tour de France final stage, using a part of the same circuit.<br />
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In popular culture<br />
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Literature<br />
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The 1950 novel Inspector Maigret and the Strangled Stripper is set in and around Montmartre.<br />
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Roy Walton, the English card magician, named a card trick Montmartre published in The Complete Walton Volume 1. It features many climaxes throughout the trick including colour changes and card swaps.<br />
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Jehan Rictus' almost entire poetic opus was set around giving a voice to the destitute and deplorable of the Montmartre, which he recited in Parisian cabarets.<br />
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Television<br />
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In the American television series Emily in Paris, the main character visits La Maison Rose, the Place Dalida and the Hôtel Particulier Montmartre.<br />
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Films<br />
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The Heart of a Nation (released 1943) features a family resident in Montmartre from 1870 to 1939.<br />
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An American in Paris (1951), with Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron, was the winner of the Oscar for the best film of 1951. Many important scenes, including the last scenes are set in Montmartre (most of the film was shot in Hollywood).<br />
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Moulin Rouge (1952), tells the story of the life and lost loves of painter Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.<br />
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French Cancan (1954), a French musical comedy with Jean Gabin and María Félix, takes place in Montmartre, and tells the story of the Moulin Rouge and the invention of the famous dance. The director, Jean Renoir, was the son of the painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir, who lived for a time in Montmartre.<br />
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Les Mauvaises Fréquentations (1963) by Jean Eustache.<br />
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The Great Race (1965), shows Professor Fate in the "Hannibal 8" driving down the basilica steps after a wrong turn while racing to the Eiffel tower.<br />
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Celine and Julie Go Boating (1974), opens with a foot chase through Montmartre.<br />
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C'était un rendez-vous (1976), a nine-minute high-speed driving through Paris to the rendezvous point at Montmarte.<br />
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Nocturnal Uproar (1979) by Catherine Breillat (original title: Tapage Nocturne).<br />
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Les arpenteurs de Montmartre (1993) by Boris Eustache.<br />
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Ronin (1998): Outside of the café at the beginning and end.<br />
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Amélie (2001): the tale of a young Parisian woman determined to help the lives of others and find her true love, is set in Montmartre and includes a key scene in the gardens below the basilica.<br />
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Moulin Rouge! (2001): a musical film set in Montmartre, is about the night club and a young writer (Ewan McGregor) who falls in love with a prominent courtesan (Nicole Kidman).<br />
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Remake (2003): Bosnian war film tells the parallel coming-of-age stories of a father living in Sarajevo during World War II and his son living through the Siege of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War. Part of the film was shot in Paris and important scene take place in Montmartre. The film stars François Berléand and Évelyne Bouix.<br />
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Paris, je t'aime (2006): this anthology features several romantic encounters, each one taking place in a different arrondissement of Paris. Bruno Podalydès' short film is set in Montmartre.<br />
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La Môme (2007) (La vie en rose): tells the life of French singer Édith Piaf who was discovered while singing in Pigalle, bordering Montmartre.<br />
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Midnight in Paris (2011) opens with a succession of still shots of Paris, many images of Montmartre are shown among them: the Sacré-Coeur square, the Montmartre museum, the Moulin-Rouge and a few narrow streets.<br />
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Bastille Day (2016) opens with a pickpocket (the main antagonist) pickpocketing on the stairs in front of the Sacré-Cœur with an accomplice.<br />
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Beauty and the Beast (2017): live action version of a 1991 animated film. The film features a scene in which Belle (Emma Watson) and Beast (Dan Stevens) are magically transported to the abandoned attic of a windmill atop Montmartre.<br />
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John Wick: Chapter 4 (2023). The film's final fights take place in Montmartre, including John Wick (Keanu Reeves) fighting his way up the steps of the Rue Foyatier, twice. The film concludes with a pistol duel in the courtyard of the Sacré-Cœur Basilica.<br />
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Songs<br />
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In "La Bohème", a 1965 song by singer-songwriter Charles Aznavour, a painter recalls his youthful years in a Montmartre that has, for him, ceased to exist: "I no longer recognize/Either the walls or the streets/That had seen my youth/At the top of a staircase/I look for my studio/Of which nothing survives/In its new décor/Montmartre seems sad/And the lilacs are dead'). The song is a farewell to what, according to Aznavour, were the last days of Montmartre as a site of bohemian activity.<br />
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The Slade song "Far Far Away" (1974) mentions it in passing in the third verse: "I've seen the Paris lights from high upon Montmartre/And felt the silence hanging low in No Man's Land".<br />
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Lucienne Delyle's "Le Moulin de la Galette" (1946) talks about an old windmill in Montmartre, an iconic landmark depicted by various artists throughout history.<br />
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Cora Vaucaire's "La Complainte de la Butte" (1955) talks about the butte Montmartre, and more specifically the top of the Saint-Vincent street stairs: "the top of Saint-Vincent street" and "The stairs of the Butte are hard on the miserables". There is also a mention of the Montmartre windmills "The wings of windmills protect lovers".<br />
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In "Montmartre" (2025), Lushe talks about a love story set in Montmartre.<br />
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Video games<br />
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In the 2019 mobile game Mario Kart Tour, the Montmartre is a notable landmark appearing in the background of the "Paris Promenade" course.<br />
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In the 2014 Revolution Software game Broken Sword 5, Montmartre is clearly visible in the background of the opening chapter.<br />
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(Wikipedia)<br />
<br />
Der Montmartre ([mɔ̃.maʁtʁ], französisch für Märtyrerhügel) ist ein Hügel im Norden von Paris. Das 1860 durch Eingemeindung der Dörfer Montmartre, La Chapelle und Clignancourt entstandene 18. Pariser Arrondissement trägt ebenfalls diesen Namen.<br />
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Der Hügel von Montmartre (frz. Butte Montmartre) ist die höchste natürliche Erhebung der Stadt. Ihren in 130 m Höhe gelegenen Gipfel krönt die von weitem sichtbare Basilika Sacré-Cœur. Auf den Hügel führen Treppen und eine Standseilbahn, der Funiculaire de Montmartre.<br />
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Das Dorf Montmartre war im 19. Jahrhundert eine Hochburg der Künstler und Literaten und ein beliebtes Ausflugsziel mit vielen Amüsierbetrieben und Bordellen. Heute ziehen die Künstler, die auf der Place du Tertre ihre Arbeiten ausstellen und Porträts, Karikaturen und Scherenschnitte anfertigen, hauptsächlich Touristen an. Eine weitere Attraktion ist der Weinberg der Commanderie du Clos Montmartre.<br />
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Name<br />
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In der Chronik des Fredegar wurde der Hügel noch als Mons Mercore (Merkurhügel) bezeichnet, wahrscheinlich ist aber auch die Bezeichnung Mons Martis (Marshügel). Während frühere Viten des heiligen Dionysius Hinrichtungs- und Begräbnisort nicht trennten, lokalisiert Abt Hilduin von Saint-Denis in der Neufassung der Passio Sanctissmi Dionysii den Hinrichtungsort auf dem Hügel und änderte den Namen wegen des ähnlichen Klangs in Mons martyrum.<br />
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Lage<br />
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Der Hügel liegt im nördlichen Teil der Stadt. Die seit Urzeiten über die Seineinsel – die Île de la Cité – nach Norden (Nordsee) und Nordwesten (Ärmelkanal) führenden Wege umgingen das hohe Hindernis im Osten, so dass der Hügel bis weit in das 19. Jahrhundert seinen ländlichen Charakter größtenteils bewahrte.<br />
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Als ab Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts die Eisenbahn größere Bedeutung erlangte, wurde der Montmartre nicht direkt erschlossen – im Gegensatz zum Montparnasse mit dem Gare Montparnasse. Zwei Bahnhöfe, der Gare du Nord und der Gare de l’Est, liegen rund zwei Kilometer südöstlich der Sacré-Cœur.<br />
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Geschichte<br />
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Gallo-römische Epoche<br />
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In der gallo-römischen Epoche, in der Montmartre gegründet wurde, erhoben sich auf dem Hügel zwei Tempel, die den Göttern Mars und Merkur geweiht waren. Dank seiner großen Vorkommen an Gips entwickelte sich der Montmartre zu einem der reichsten Gebiete im Umkreis von Paris. Daher fand man dort zu dieser Zeit viele Villen und Tempel. Die Steinbrüche, in denen der Gips abgebaut wurde, dienten später auch als Zufluchtsorte für die ersten Christen.<br />
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Um das Jahr 272 herum wurden der Bischof Dionysius (frz. Denis; der Schutzpatron von Paris), der Priester Rustikus und der Erzdiakon Eleutherius hier enthauptet. Im Mittelalter war Montmartre ein wichtiges dem heiligen Denis geweihtes Wallfahrtszentrum. Der Legende nach nahm er nach seiner Enthauptung seinen Kopf, wusch ihn in einer Quelle und ging ungefähr sechs Kilometer bis zum heutigen Ort Saint-Denis.<br />
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Mittelalter<br />
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Im 12. Jahrhundert errichtete der Orden der Benediktiner in Montmartre ein Kloster. Die ehemalige Abtei- und heutige Pfarrkirche Saint-Pierre de Montmartre ist eine der ältesten Sakralbauten von Paris und steht neben dem Place du Tertre. Sie wurde auf Geheiß Ludwig VI. auf dem Gelände eines ehemaligen Mars-Tempels (5. Jahrhundert) errichtet und am Ostermontag 1147 von Papst Eugen III. geweiht.<br />
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Neuzeit<br />
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Am 15. August 1534 gründete der heilige Ignatius von Loyola in Montmartre den Jesuitenorden. In dieser Epoche begann man auch mit dem Bau von Windmühlen, um den Gips zu mahlen, und große Weingärten wurden angelegt.<br />
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19. Jahrhundert<br />
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ufgrund der Arbeiten des Barons Haussmann, die das Leben in Paris extrem verteuerten, wuchs die Bevölkerung in Montmartre schnell an. Viele Arbeiter, aber auch angesehene Familien ließen sich nun hier nieder.<br />
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Der Gipsabbau entwickelte sich zum wichtigsten Wirtschaftszweig Montmartres. Der Place Blanche (weißer Platz) wurde nach dem so häufig vorkommenden Gestein benannt. Viele neue Gipsmühlen wurden errichtet.<br />
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In der Schlacht bei Paris, die Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher während des Sechsten Koalitionskrieges vorantrieb, sorgte der russische General Alexandre Andrault de Langeron für die Erstürmung der Höhen des Montmartre. Am Nachmittag des 30. März 1814 gaben die französischen Heerführer den Kampf auf und kapitulierten. Am Folgetag zogen die Alliierten der Befreiungskriege gegen Napoléon Bonaparte in der Hauptstadt ein.<br />
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Am 6. Juni 1859 wurde Montmartre von Paris eingemeindet, behielt aber dennoch seine eigene Identität. Ein Jahr nach der Eingemeindung hatte Montmartre ungefähr 57.000 Einwohner. Im März 1871, nach der Beendigung des Deutsch-Französischen Krieges, wurde Montmartre zum Ausgangspunkt und zur Geburtsstätte der Pariser Kommune. Nach deren gewaltsamen Beendigung beschloss die französische Nationalversammlung 1873 den Bau der Kirche Sacré-Cœur, die dem Gedenken an die französischen Opfer des Französisch-Preußischen Krieges und der „Abbüßung der Verbrechen der Kommunarden“ dienen sollte. Drei Jahre später begann der Bau der Kirche Sacré-Cœur, die heute als weithin sichtbares Wahrzeichen über Montmartre thront. Die Kirche wurde 1919 geweiht.<br />
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Im 19. Jahrhundert zog der noch ländliche Montmartre zahlreiche Künstler an, die hier ein freieres und billigeres Leben führen konnten als im Zentrum der Stadt. Hier lebten und wirkten unter anderen Renoir, Van Gogh, Steinlen, Toulouse-Lautrec, Suzanne Valadon und ihr Sohn Utrillo, später auch Picasso, Braque und Modigliani. Beliebte Anlaufpunkte der Künstler und der Pariser Ausflügler waren Gaststuben, Kabaretts und Tanzlokale wie zum Beispiel „La Mère Catherine“ (seit 1793), „Le Billard en Bois“ (heute La Bonne Franquette), „Au Rendezvous des Voleurs“ (1860, heute Le Lapin Agile), Le Moulin de la Galette (Vergnügungslokal seit 1870), Le Chat Noir (1881) und Le Moulin Rouge (1889).<br />
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20. Jahrhundert<br />
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Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts und verstärkt nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg verließen viele Künstler Montmartre, in Richtung Montparnasse, der Geburtsstätte der modernen Malerei. Die Boulevards am Fuße des Hügels, zwischen der Place Blanche und der Place Pigalle entwickelten sich allmählich zu einem Rotlichtviertel.<br />
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Im Jahr 1929 fusionierte am Montmartre die von Bernard Natan gegründete, seit 1926 in dem ehemaligen Warenhaus „Grand Bazar“ (Rue Francoeur Nr. 6) ansässige Firma Rapid Film, die zunächst ein Filmlabor gewesen war, sich dann auf die Herstellung von Werbefilmen spezialisierte und seit 1927 über ein eigenes Filmstudio verfügte, mit dem Unternehmen Pathé. Aus den so entstandenen Pathé-Studios gingen Hunderte von französischen Filmen hervor, bevor sie in der Mitte der 90er Jahre ihre Aktivitäten einstellten. Seit 1994 beherbergen die Räume die bekannte Filmhochschule La fémis. Heute ist der Montmartre ein beliebtes Ziel für Parisbesucher. Vor allem die Basilika Sacré-Cœur und der von Künstlern bevölkerte Place du Tertre sind von Menschenmassen oft überlaufen. An einem besonders verkehrsarmen Sommermorgen ist auf den Straßen am Montmartre der Kurzfilm C’était un rendez-vous (1976) von Claude Lelouch entstanden, der exakt an der großen Freitreppe vor dem Haupteingang der Sacré-Cœur endet. Das Gebiet um die Moulin de la Galette und den Cimetière de Montmartre ist dagegen eher ruhig und verbreitet noch ein wenig den alten Jahrhundertwende-Charme des Quartiers.<br />
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Künstler<br />
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Die wenigsten der Künstler, die den Ruhm Montmartres begründet haben, sind dort auch geboren worden. Deswegen werden hier Künstler aufgeführt, die am Montmartre und in der unmittelbaren Umgebung gelebt und gewirkt haben, in der chronologischen Reihenfolge ihres Geburtsjahres.<br />
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Jean-Baptiste Pigalle (* 1714 in Paris), Bildhauer<br />
Hector Berlioz (* 1803 in La Côte-Saint-André), Komponist<br />
Gérard de Nerval (* 1808 in Paris), Dichter<br />
Edgar Degas (* 1834 in Paris), Maler<br />
Jean-Baptiste Clément (* 1836 in Boulogne-Billancourt), Chansonnier und Kommunarde<br />
Paul Cézanne (* 1839 in Aix-en-Provence), Maler<br />
Émile Zola (* 1840 in Paris), Schriftsteller und Journalist<br />
André Gill (* 1840 in Paris), Karikaturist<br />
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (* 1841 in Limoges), Maler<br />
Valentin le Désossé (* 1843 in Sceaux), Akrobat und Tänzer<br />
Maurice Rollinat (* 1846 in Châteauroux), Kabarettist und Dichter<br />
Paul Gauguin (* 1848 in Paris), Maler<br />
Robert Planquette (* 1848 oder 1850 in Paris), Komponist<br />
Jean Béraud (* 1849 in Sankt Petersburg), Maler<br />
Aristide Bruant (* 1851 in Courtenay), Chansonnier<br />
Vincent van Gogh (* 1853 in Groot Zundert), Maler<br />
Jules-Louis Jouy (* 1855 in Paris), Chansonnier<br />
Georges Courteline (* 1858 in Tours), Romancier und Dramaturg<br />
Georges Seurat (* 1859 in Paris), Maler<br />
Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen (* 1859 in Lausanne), Maler und Graphiker<br />
Santiago Rusiñol (* 1861 in Barcelona) Maler, Schriftsteller, Journalist und Theaterautor<br />
Eugène Lemercier (* 1862 in Paris), Chansonnier, Komponist<br />
Charles Léandre (* 1862 in der Normandie), Maler und Humorist<br />
Paul Signac (* 1863 in Paris), Maler<br />
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (* 1864 in Albi), Maler und Graphiker<br />
Suzanne Valadon (* 1865 in Bessine-sur-Gartempte), Malerin<br />
Eric Satie (* 1866 in Honfleur), Komponist und Pianist<br />
La Goulue (* 1866 in Clichy-la-Garenne), Can-Can-Tänzerin und Dompteurin<br />
Emile Bernard (* 1868 in Lille), Maler<br />
Henri Matisse (* 1869 in Le Cateau-Cambrésis), Maler<br />
Fernand Piet (* 1869 in Paris), Maler<br />
Auguste Brouet (* 1872 in Paris), Grafiker<br />
Max Jacob (* 1876 in Quimper), Dichter<br />
Raoul Dufy (* 1877 in Le Havre), Maler<br />
Otto Freundlich (* 1878 in Stolp), Maler<br />
Francisque Poulbot (* 1879 in Saint-Denis), Karikaturist<br />
Pablo Picasso (* 1881 in Málaga)<br />
Georges Braque (* 1882 in Argenteuil), Maler<br />
Pierre Mac Orlan (* 1882 in Péronne), Schriftsteller, Dichter, Chansonnier<br />
Maurice Utrillo (* 1883 in Paris), Maler<br />
Amedeo Modigliani (* 1884 in Livorno), Maler und Bildhauer<br />
Roland Dorgelès (* 1885 in Amiens)<br />
Jean Renoir (* 1894 in Paris), Filmregisseur, zweiter Sohn von Pierre-Auguste Renoir<br />
Raymond Schwartz (* 1894 in Metz) Esperanto-Dichter<br />
Jacques Prévert (* 1900 in Neuilly-sur-Seine), Dichter<br />
Salvador Dalí (* 1904 in Cadaqués), Künstler<br />
Marcel Aymé (* 1902 in Joigny), Schriftsteller<br />
Marcel Carné (* 1906 in Paris), Filmregisseur<br />
Maurice Boitel (* 1919 in Tillières-sur-Avre), Maler der Pariser Schule<br />
Boris Vian (* 1920 Ville d’Avray), Schriftsteller, Ingenieur und Jazzmusiker<br />
Monique Morelli (* 1923 in Béthune), Chansonsängerin<br />
Jean-Pierre Cassel (* 1932 in Paris), Schauspieler und Tänzer<br />
Dalida (* 1933 in Kairo), Sängerin<br />
Vincent Cassel (* 1966 in Paris), Schauspieler, Filmregisseur<br />
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Weitere Persönlichkeiten<br />
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Außer Künstlern haben folgende Persönlichkeiten am Montmartre oder in der unmittelbaren Umgebung gelebt:<br />
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Gabrielle d’Estrées (* um 1570 in der Picardie), Mätresse Heinrichs IV.<br />
Georges Clemenceau (* 1841 in Mouilleron-en-Pareds), Politiker<br />
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(Wikipedia)</p>](https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/55325976169_db2ac84273_s.jpg)
