Canada

Canada: A Vast Landscape of Beauty and Diversity

Canada, the second-largest country in the world, invites adventurers to its expansive terrains and multicultural cities. Nestled in North America, its history is a rich tapestry woven by Indigenous peoples, French and British colonialism, and a mosaic of immigrant cultures. A confederation formed in 1867, today's Canada is celebrated for its political and social progressiveness, vast natural resources, and commitment to preserving the environment.

Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest bi-national land border. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are TorontoMontreal, and Vancouver.

From Indigenous Roots to a Multicultural Nation

Canada's story begins with the Indigenous peoples, followed by the age of exploration that led to French and British settlements. The nation's evolution into a diverse and inclusive society is reflected in its cities and institutions.

Toronto: The Urban Mosaic

Toronto, Canada's largest city, is a bustling metropolis famed for the iconic CN Tower, vibrant neighborhoods representing cultures from around the globe, and a thriving arts scene, embodied by the renowned Toronto International Film Festival.

The Canadian Rockies: Nature's Majesty

The majestic Canadian Rockies offer awe-inspiring vistas, with national parks like Banff and Jasper providing outdoor enthusiasts with endless opportunities for hiking, wildlife spotting, and embracing the serene beauty of Canada's wilderness.

Vancouver: Pacific Gem

On the Pacific coast, Vancouver is known for its scenic beauty, set against a backdrop of mountains and sea, with a laid-back atmosphere that encapsulates the West Coast lifestyle.

Québec City: European Charm in North America

Québec City offers a slice of Europe with its cobblestone streets, the fortress of La Citadelle, and the annual Winter Carnival, showcasing the joie de vivre of French-Canadian culture.

The Maritimes: A Seafaring Heritage

In the Maritimes, provinces like Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador share a deep connection with the Atlantic, lighthouses dotting the coastline and fishing villages offering fresh seafood and tales of the sea.

From the Arctic tundra of Nunavut to the Niagara Falls' roaring waters, Canada is a country of dramatic landscapes and friendly cities. With travel.frogsfolly.com, uncover the natural splendor and warm culture of Canada. Join us on a journey from sea to sea, exploring a land where each province has a story, and every landscape feels like a new world.

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			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/snuffy/">Snuffy</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/snuffy/54983290099/" title="Indoor Seasonal Displays, Winter Wonders, Mediterranean Garden, Royal Botanical Garden, RBG, Hamilton, ON"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54983290099_09fcfb687d_m.jpg" width="240" height="135" alt="Indoor Seasonal Displays, Winter Wonders, Mediterranean Garden, Royal Botanical Garden, RBG, Hamilton, ON" /></a></p>


			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/rwkphotos/">rwkphotos</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/rwkphotos/54982969691/" title="American Herring Gull"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982969691_519ac10a5d_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="American Herring Gull" /></a></p>


			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/donkom/">Don Komarechka</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/donkom/54983150273/" title="Snowflake 966"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54983150273_643102a536_m.jpg" width="240" height="240" alt="Snowflake 966" /></a></p>

<p>Let’s talk about colour. Snowflakes are not flat, they have volume. That volume allows for air pockets to be trapped in the ice. Given the right thickness of the “bubble” and/or the right thickness of the ice on either side of it, something magical can happen.<br />
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Before I continue my rambles, however: the second edition of my macro photography book is out. The publisher just restocked their North American supply, which can be ordered direct: <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Macro-Photography-The-Universe-at-Our-Feet/Komarechka/p/book/9781032769844/" rel="noreferrer nofollow">www.routledge.com/Macro-Photography-The-Universe-at-Our-F...</a> - they gave me a special code for 20% off if ordered direct: 25SMA4<br />
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Snowflakes don’t possess colour the way we normally see colour: absorption and reflection. A red car is red because it absorbs all colours except red. A snowflake, however, behaves more like a soap bubble, a spot of oil on the ground, or the wings of the Madagascan Sunset Moth, among others. Here we’re talking about “thin film interference”. The colours are created from light interfering with itself inside the crystal through multiple air/ice boundaries, and thickness matters.<br />
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There’s fancy calculators and physics for this ( <a href="https://www.sciencecalculators.org/optics/thin-films/" rel="noreferrer nofollow">www.sciencecalculators.org/optics/thin-films/</a> ) but the basics are pretty easy to understand. The speed of light isn’t constant, it changes based on what it is traveling through. Fastest in a vacuum, slower in air, slower further in ice. When light enters ice, it slows down and the trajectory changes. However, not all light enters the ice – a good portion is reflected off the surface. This reflected light never slows down. That’s our baseline.<br />
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The light that enters the ice? Some of it will reflect off the inner boundary – where the air pocket is. This light will then travel back up through the ice, and into the air once more. However, it is now “out of sync” with the light that never entered the ice. It was moving slower for a very brief period of time. What happens when the ice is so thin that the resulting beams of light are within a wavelength of each-other? While being out of sync? They interfere with one another, both constructively and destructively.<br />
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This means that “white” light (all the colours) will be transformed. How thick the ice is will determine the resulting colours that you see (there’s a chart here that references colours and thickness: <a href="https://soapbubble.fandom.com/wiki/Color_and_Film_Thickness" rel="noreferrer nofollow">soapbubble.fandom.com/wiki/Color_and_Film_Thickness</a> ). Just like any waves (sound, water, light), some interference will cancel things out (destructive), and some will amplify (constructive). This is where the colour in snowflakes come from; the light is shaped by the snowflake itself.<br />
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I’ve seen thin film interference everywhere from a cup of Turkish coffee to the meniscus formed around the lid of fountain pen ink. Ever see “Newton’s Rings?” - It’s everywhere if you’re paying attention. Not all snowflakes have the right balance of features to produce it, but when it shows up to the party, it’s always the first thing you notice.</p>
			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/despitestraightlines/">DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/despitestraightlines/54983094509/" title="A forest of Sitka Spruce trees  -  (Published by GETTY IMAGES)"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54983094509_97f6f92d9d_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="A forest of Sitka Spruce trees  -  (Published by GETTY IMAGES)" /></a></p>

<p>©All photographs on this site are copyright: ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) 2011 – 2021 &amp; GETTY IMAGES ®<br />
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Photograph taken at an altitude of Fifteenmetres at 13:34pm on Monday 15th May 2023 off Pacific Rim Highway 4 and Airport Road on the sandy shoreline of the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve at Long Beach in Tofino, British Columbia.<br />
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Here we see a Sitka Spruce tree (Picea Sitchensis) also known as the Tideland Spruce or Western Spruce.<br />
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Nikon D850  Single-lens reflex digital camera  F Mount with FX CMOS 35.9mm x 23.9mm Image sensor   46.89 Million total pixels   Focal length: 24mm   Shutter speed: 1/80s (Mechanical shutter)    Aperture f/13.0     iso640   Handheld with Nikkor VR Vibration Reduction enabled    Image area Full Frame FX (36 x 24) NEF RAW L 45.4Million pixels (8256 x 5504)  14 Bit uncompressed    AF-C Priority Selection: Release   Nikon Back button focusing enabled      3D Tracking watch area: Normal 55 Tracking points     Exposure mode: Manual mode     Metering mode: Matrix metering       White balance on: Auto1, A1.00, M0.25 (5160k)    Colour space: Adobe RGB    Picture control: (A) Auto  (Sharpening +1.00/Clarity +1.00)   <br />
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Nikkor AFS-24-120mm F4 VR. Nikon GP-1 GPS module.  Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup. Black Rapid Curve Breathe strap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag.  Nikon EN-EL15a battery.  <br />
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Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.21 (8/12/2022)  LD Distortion Data 2.018 (16/01/20) LF 1.00 Nikon Codec Full version 1.31.2 (09/11/2021)<br />
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HP 110-352na Desktop PC with Windows 10 Home edition  AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit  processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. My Passport USB 3.0 2TB portable desktop hard drive. Nikon NX STUDIO 64bit Version 1.2.2 (08/12/2022). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit Version 1.6.2 (18/02/2020). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 2.4.5 (18/02/2020). Nikon Transfer 2 Version 2.16.0 (08/12/2022).  Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.</p>
			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/wiless/">Will S.</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/wiless/54982772986/" title="Architectural detail in concrete"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982772986_854cb70cde_m.jpg" width="240" height="135" alt="Architectural detail in concrete" /></a></p>

<p>Holy Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary Ukrainian Catholic Church (St. Mary's); Burlington, Ontario.</p>
			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/wiless/">Will S.</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/wiless/54982983285/" title="Christmas"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982983285_f5f6d6314b_m.jpg" width="135" height="240" alt="Christmas" /></a></p>

<p>Burlington Lakeside Festival of Lights; Spencer Smith Park; Burlington, Ontario.</p>
			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/jhoffman2013/">Jim 03</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jhoffman2013/54983061135/" title="Relaxed standing board paddleing, Waskesiu, Prince Albert National Park, Sask"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54983061135_e3df51e728_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="Relaxed standing board paddleing, Waskesiu, Prince Albert National Park, Sask" /></a></p>

<p>Prince Albert National Park  in central Saskatchewan, Canada and is located 200 kilometres  north of Saskatoon. Though declared a national park March 24, 1927, it had its official opening ceremonies on August 10, 1928 performed by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. The park is open all year but the most visited period is from May to September.</p>
			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/jhoffman2013/">Jim 03</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jhoffman2013/54982765066/" title="Stump reflecting suns rays at Sunset, Waskesiu, Prince Albert National Park, Sask"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982765066_21c3d9bbc4_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="Stump reflecting suns rays at Sunset, Waskesiu, Prince Albert National Park, Sask" /></a></p>

<p>Prince Albert National Park  in central Saskatchewan, Canada and is located 200 kilometres  north of Saskatoon. Though declared a national park March 24, 1927, it had its official opening ceremonies on August 10, 1928 performed by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. The park is open all year but the most visited period is from May to September.</p>
			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/adriandelisle/">Adrian De Lisle</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/adriandelisle/54982976035/" title="2025-06-13-1734-DSC_0161"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982976035_afabd16f8b_m.jpg" width="240" height="135" alt="2025-06-13-1734-DSC_0161" /></a></p>


			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/cibolojim/">ShutterNut...</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/cibolojim/54981773342/" title="CANADA 1942 &quot;War Effort&quot; King George VI Naval Uniform"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54981773342_540d575707_m.jpg" width="210" height="240" alt="CANADA 1942 &quot;War Effort&quot; King George VI Naval Uniform" /></a></p>

<p>  Please be aware... ALL Photos posted to this photo stream are purely for entertainment. I am no expert. Titles are from recognition - what I was told - or a quick search. Polite comments or corrections are welcome.</p>
			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/204037436@N08/">enzema316</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/204037436@N08/54982624721/" title="Painted Skies"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982624721_a7576af7ea_m.jpg" width="240" height="180" alt="Painted Skies" /></a></p>

<p>Banff, Alberta</p>
			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/33320058@N02/">tallhuskymike</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/33320058@N02/54981719382/" title="Ponoka Stampede 2019"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54981719382_7c57cec166_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="Ponoka Stampede 2019" /></a></p>

<p>June 29</p>
			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/pokoroto/">Bracus Triticum</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/pokoroto/54982793505/" title="Our Community"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982793505_00de18d125_m.jpg" width="160" height="240" alt="Our Community" /></a></p>


			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/jimfromcanada/">JimfromCanada</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jimfromcanada/54982758743/" title="river lights"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982758743_7a353c49ee_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="river lights" /></a></p>

<p>Enjoying the Windsor waterfront on the Detroit River on a warm September evening.</p>
			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/nicholsonfamilyphotos/">NicholsonFamilyPhotos</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholsonfamilyphotos/54982713963/" title="Tofino Trip 2025-143"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982713963_08b3628b41_m.jpg" width="180" height="240" alt="Tofino Trip 2025-143" /></a></p>


			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/nicholsonfamilyphotos/">NicholsonFamilyPhotos</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholsonfamilyphotos/54982527481/" title="Tofino Trip 2025-18"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982527481_c34041a6e2_m.jpg" width="180" height="240" alt="Tofino Trip 2025-18" /></a></p>


			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/nicholsonfamilyphotos/">NicholsonFamilyPhotos</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholsonfamilyphotos/54981641612/" title="Tofino Trip 2025-165"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54981641612_b2502daa82_m.jpg" width="180" height="240" alt="Tofino Trip 2025-165" /></a></p>


			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/nicholsonfamilyphotos/">NicholsonFamilyPhotos</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholsonfamilyphotos/54981642977/" title="Tofino Trip 2025-11"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54981642977_419d5d3738_m.jpg" width="180" height="240" alt="Tofino Trip 2025-11" /></a></p>


			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/nicholsonfamilyphotos/">NicholsonFamilyPhotos</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholsonfamilyphotos/54982824860/" title="Tofino Trip 2025-19"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54982824860_afff4252a9_m.jpg" width="180" height="240" alt="Tofino Trip 2025-19" /></a></p>


			<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/nicholsonfamilyphotos/">NicholsonFamilyPhotos</a> posted a photo:</p>
	
<p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholsonfamilyphotos/54981641987/" title="Tofino Trip 2025-130"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54981641987_fee7a1975e_m.jpg" width="180" height="240" alt="Tofino Trip 2025-130" /></a></p>
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