Lava Beds National Monument, California

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    <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/ex_magician/">ex_magician</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ex_magician/54185982351/" title="Old Burn Area - Whitney Butte Trail"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54185982351_fb584a5bee_m.jpg" width="240" height="180" alt="Old Burn Area - Whitney Butte Trail" /></a></p> <p>Lava Beds National Monument</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/ugaifp/">ugaifp</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ugaifp/54050029503/" title="In the Tubes"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54050029503_212470d953_m.jpg" width="240" height="180" alt="In the Tubes" /></a></p> <p>Students explore the lava tubes of Lava Beds National Monument, California. Photo by Guy Kemelmakher.</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/ugaifp/">ugaifp</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ugaifp/54049781581/" title="In the Tubes"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54049781581_c4e45820c2_m.jpg" width="240" height="180" alt="In the Tubes" /></a></p> <p>Students explore the lava tubes of Lava Beds National Monument, California. Photo by Guy Kemelmakher.</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/ugaifp/">ugaifp</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ugaifp/54049779811/" title="Mount Shasta"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54049779811_805368f2cf_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="Mount Shasta" /></a></p> <p>From Schonchin Butte Lookout, California, students observe stratovolcano Mount Shasta on the horizon. Photo by Guy Kemelmakher.</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/ugaifp/">ugaifp</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ugaifp/54050228820/" title="Shield vs. Strato"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/54050228820_a13be4133f_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="Shield vs. Strato" /></a></p> <p>Students observe Medicine Lake Shield Volcano (left) and Mount Shasta Stratovolcano (right) from Captain Jack's Stronghold, California.</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/peterthoeny/">PeterThoeny</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/peterthoeny/53834141701/" title="Exploring Lave Tubes at the Lava Beds National Monument"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53834141701_0778148c0e_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="Exploring Lave Tubes at the Lava Beds National Monument" /></a></p> <p>We were on a road trip from home in California to Vancouver, BC, Canada. On the way back we went to the Lava Beds National Monument, located in northern California near the Oregon border. The desert wilderness park has many volcanic features, 700+ caves, and Native American rock art. I did a self portrait with light painting near the entrance of a cave called the Valentine Cave. The floors are fairly smooth and has cool lava ripples. The lava tubes split and merge again, it's cool to explore it with a strong light.<br /> <br /> I processed a balanced and a paintery HDR photo from a RAW exposure, blended them, and carefully adjusted the color balance and curves. I welcome and appreciate constructive comments.<br /> <br /> <i>Thank you for visiting - ♡ with gratitude! Fave if you like it, add comments below, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/qualityhdr/" rel="noreferrer nofollow">like the Facebook page</a>, order beautiful HDR prints at <a href="http://qualityhdr.com/" rel="noreferrer nofollow">qualityHDR.com</a>.</i><br /> <br /> -- ƒ/8.0, 16 mm, 30 sec, ISO 200, Sony A6400, SEL-P1650, HDR, 1 RAW exposure, _DSC8048_hdr1bal1pai5e.jpg<br /> -- CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, © 2024 Peter Thoeny, Quality HDR Photography</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/ex_magician/">ex_magician</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ex_magician/53760716641/" title="Lava Beds National Monument"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53760716641_f141497e52_m.jpg" width="240" height="140" alt="Lava Beds National Monument" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/ex_magician/">ex_magician</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ex_magician/53607293705/" title="Winter"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53607293705_a1f59dcc42_m.jpg" width="240" height="185" alt="Winter" /></a></p> <p>Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/26953621@N03/">Zenas M</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/26953621@N03/53532618694/" title="EARTH: 4.4bya to 4.3bya"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53532618694_8fc71be53c_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="EARTH: 4.4bya to 4.3bya" /></a></p> <p>In Earth's history, the period from 4.54bya to 4bya is known as the Hadean Eon, named after Hades, the Greek god of the dead and king of the underworld.<br /> <br /> Presumably because the Hadean Earth was desolate and grim. Underworldy.<br /> <br /> But the underworld of Greek myth was actually fairly bucolic, with rivers, meadows, isles, fields and dogs (albeit three-headed ones). Obviously, you had to be dead to be there, which was not ideal, but other than that it seemed quite pleasant.<br /> <br /> In contrast, the Hadean Earth was more like the Medieval Christian view of Hell, a place of fire and brimstone.<br /> <br /> It was hot. Birthed in violence, the very early Earth probably had magma oceans, forming vast seas of boiling viscous orange fluid.<br /> <br /> And then, as it cooled, the Earth was once again liquefied when it was struck by Theia. As if that were not enough, further heat was generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes within its interior.<br /> <br /> By 4.4bya, though, the planet had cooled and a crust had probably formed on top of the magma sea, just as crust now forms on lava as it spews from a volcano. This crust is often basalt.<br /> <br /> Regrettably, I have never had a chance to photograph active lava flows. The closest is a 30,000-year-old one in Lava Beds National Monument in California (photo).<br /> <br /> So, we have established that the Earth now had a basaltic crust. But what lay within?<br /> <br /> At this stage, the Earth was, in effect, a huge ball of molten rock. Over time, the heavier elements, such as iron and small amounts of nickel, sank to the centre to form what is known as the core.<br /> <br /> Now, the Earth's core consists of an inner core, which is solid like a cannonball, and an outer core, which is liquid. The outer core becomes relevant again later in our story, so we'll come back to that.<br /> <br /> But, in the Hadean, and indeed for 1 to 2 billion years thereafter, the core was entirely liquid.<br /> <br /> As an aside, our core is larger than expected, which is part of the evidence for the theory that the Earth was struck by Theia (the event that formed the Moon). The cores of the two planetesimals merged into one.<br /> <br /> Which is quite romantic, if you want to think of it in those terms.<br /> <br /> So, if the Earth were an egg (which it isn't – at least, I hope it isn't, otherwise we're all in trouble), the yolk is the core of molten iron-nickel alloy, and the shell is a crust of basalt. So what is the white of the egg?<br /> <br /> This is the mantle, which consisted (and still consists) largely of molten minerals rich in silicon. Nowadays, there is an inner and an outer mantle, although this probably wasn't the case in the Hadean.<br /> <br /> So, by 4.3bya, the interior structure of the Earth was broadly similar to how it is now. Core, mantle, crust.<br /> <br /> But there is something that has not been mentioned in this description of Earth.<br /> <br /> Something that is very obvious now if you stand on a coastal promontory, or if you flush a toilet, or get caught in a downpour.<br /> <br /> That something is water.</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/194908364@N07/">theeverlastinggreenbean</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/194908364@N07/53508853429/" title="Schonchin Butte Lookout"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53508853429_746b7be093_m.jpg" width="240" height="162" alt="Schonchin Butte Lookout" /></a></p> <p>Lava Beds National Monument <br /> California, USA</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/_jfr_/">_JFR_</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/_jfr_/53485961415/" title="00608 Heading back to the car on the Schonshin Butte Trail"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53485961415_4900c6f51a_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="00608 Heading back to the car on the Schonshin Butte Trail" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/_jfr_/">_JFR_</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/_jfr_/53484639792/" title="00659 Some pictographs at Symbol Bridge in Lava Beds National Monument"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53484639792_4f1c6dc0f9_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="00659 Some pictographs at Symbol Bridge in Lava Beds National Monument" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/_jfr_/">_JFR_</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/_jfr_/53485691218/" title="00730 One of the two Fleener Chimneys, where lava once spurted out of the earth"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53485691218_c207363f11_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="00730 One of the two Fleener Chimneys, where lava once spurted out of the earth" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/_jfr_/">_JFR_</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/_jfr_/53484639802/" title="00644 We dayhiked to Symbol Bridge, a lava tube with many Native pictographs"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53484639802_6f49d18204_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="00644 We dayhiked to Symbol Bridge, a lava tube with many Native pictographs" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/_jfr_/">_JFR_</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/_jfr_/53485853224/" title="00530 Up near the top of the cone, we had a choice of paths - we headed for the lookout tower"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53485853224_5c3d710667_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="00530 Up near the top of the cone, we had a choice of paths - we headed for the lookout tower" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/_jfr_/">_JFR_</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/_jfr_/53484639977/" title="00499 We decided to climb Schonshin Butte via the Schonshin Lookout Trail"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53484639977_66ef31a598_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="00499 We decided to climb Schonshin Butte via the Schonshin Lookout Trail" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/_jfr_/">_JFR_</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/_jfr_/53485549751/" title="00538 The fire lookout tower, which is now a historical landmark"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53485549751_c3436e4654_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="00538 The fire lookout tower, which is now a historical landmark" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/_jfr_/">_JFR_</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/_jfr_/53485691453/" title="00506 Some of the trees had burnt along the trail to Schonshin Butte"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53485691453_52fed76d5a_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="00506 Some of the trees had burnt along the trail to Schonshin Butte" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/_jfr_/">_JFR_</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/_jfr_/53485549681/" title="00628 View of the butte from the southeast. The lookout is on the right side of the rim"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53485549681_4278b4df2a_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="00628 View of the butte from the southeast. The lookout is on the right side of the rim" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/people/_jfr_/">_JFR_</a> posted a photo:</p> <p><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/_jfr_/53485961460/" title="00532 View north from the butte with black chunky lava beds below us"><img src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53485961460_fd39e17192_m.jpg" width="240" height="160" alt="00532 View north from the butte with black chunky lava beds below us" /></a></p>

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